Journal of Advances in Developmental Research

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Peasant Debt and Agrarian Crisis in Hyderabad State During the Nizam's Era, 1911-1948: A Historical Analysis

Author(s) Dr. D. Kishan
Country India
Abstract This paper analyses the complex connection between peasant indebtedness and agrarian crisis in the State of Hyderabad under the rule of the 7th Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan (1911-1948). The monarchy-based state, which had a strong feudal structure, experienced extreme exploitation of the peasantry in the form of economic and various other systems, such as jagirdari and ryotwari land tenure systems, debt bondage in the form of the Bhagela system, and extracting resources through the vetti (forced labor) system. The study interprets that structural conditions such as land alienation, usury moneylending, capricious taxation, and concentrated agrarian resources in the possession of a landed aristocracy of jagirdars, deshmukhs, and deshpandes resulted in what can only be called conditions of perpetual indebtedness of the cultivators. The analysis based on archival documents, reports of the government commissions, and the analyses conducted by other scholars proves that land dispossession rates have increased exponentially during the period between 1910 and 1940 and left actual cultivators just as tenants-at-will, sharecroppers, and landless workers. The agrarian crisis, combined with the Great Depression of the 1930s and the outbreak of World War II, later triggered the Telangana Peasant Armed Struggle (1946-1951), which was one of the most massive peasant movements in Indian history.
Keywords Hyderabad State, Nizam, peasant debt, agrarian crisis, jagirdari system, Bhagela, vetti, land alienation, Telangana peasant movement, feudalism, moneylenders.
Published In Volume 17, Issue 1, January-June 2026
Published On 2026-01-01
Cite This Peasant Debt and Agrarian Crisis in Hyderabad State During the Nizam's Era, 1911-1948: A Historical Analysis - Dr. D. Kishan - IJAIDR Volume 17, Issue 1, January-June 2026.
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