Journal of Advances in Developmental Research

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Biotechnological Approaches for the Chemical Synthesis and Biosynthesis of Hypericin and Other Metabolites from the Genus Hypericum: A Systematic Review

Author(s) Prashu Yadav, Dr. Neeraj Sethi
Country India
Abstract The genus Hypericum, widely recognized for its medicinal value, has emerged as an important reservoir of bioactive metabolites, including hypericin, pseudohypericin, hyperforin, and flavonoids. Among these, hypericin—a naphthodianthrone derivative—has been extensively studied for its antidepressant, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticancer properties, particularly in photodynamic therapy. Conventional extraction methods from natural Hypericum plants suffer from limitations such as low yield, seasonal dependence, geographical variability, and ecological concerns. To address these challenges, researchers have turned toward biotechnological strategies such as tissue culture, cell suspension systems, hairy root induction, elicitor-mediated stimulation, precursor feeding, and bioreactor cultivation. In parallel, chemical synthesis of hypericin and its analogues has been attempted, though hindered by its structurally complex perylene quinone framework.
This systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, synthesizes findings from 110 peer-reviewed studies published between 2000 and 2024 across databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review evaluates progress in biotechnological and chemical synthesis strategies, comparing yield efficiencies, scalability, and industrial potential. Biotechnological methods, particularly hairy root cultures combined with elicitor treatments and metabolic engineering, have consistently demonstrated higher yield improvements and greater feasibility for commercial applications. In contrast, chemical synthesis, though valuable for structural analog development, remains limited by complexity and economic viability. Future perspectives emphasize CRISPR/Cas9-mediated metabolic engineering, omics-guided pathway optimization, synthetic biology in microbial platforms, and AI-assisted culture system optimization as transformative avenues for sustainable hypericin production.
Keywords Hypericum, hypericin, secondary metabolites, hairy root culture, chemical synthesis, metabolic engineering, bioreactor systems.
Published In Volume 17, Issue 1, January-June 2026
Published On 2026-03-12
Cite This Biotechnological Approaches for the Chemical Synthesis and Biosynthesis of Hypericin and Other Metabolites from the Genus Hypericum: A Systematic Review - Prashu Yadav, Dr. Neeraj Sethi - IJAIDR Volume 17, Issue 1, January-June 2026.
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