Journal of Advances in Developmental Research

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Impact of Household Economic Vulnerability on Child Labour Participation: Mediating Role of School Dropout and Moderating Role of Government Welfare Support

Author(s) Dr. Nagendra N
Country India
Abstract Child labour remains a persistent socio-economic challenge in developing nations, rooted in household economic fragility and the failure of educational systems to retain children. This study investigates the impact of household economic vulnerability (HEV) on child labour participation (CLP), examining the mediating role of school dropout (SD) and the moderating role of government welfare support (GWS). Grounded in Human Capital Theory and the Social Exclusion Framework, a quantitative cross-sectional survey design was employed with 440 households across rural, semi-urban, and urban areas of Karnataka, India. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed reliability and validity of all constructs (CR > 0.83; AVE > 0.55; HTMT < 0.90). Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) in AMOS and Hayes PROCESS macro (Model 1) were employed for hypothesis testing. Results revealed that HEV significantly and positively influenced CLP (β = .763, p < .001) and SD (β = .851, p < .001). School dropout fully mediated the HEV–CLP relationship (indirect effect: β = .723, 95% CI [.539, .969], p < .001). GWS marginally moderated the HEV–CLP relationship (β = −.052, p = .082). These findings contribute to the literature on child labour determinants and provide actionable policy recommendations.
Keywords Household Economic Vulnerability, Child Labour Participation, School Dropout, Government Welfare Support, Structural Equation Modeling, India
Field Sociology
Published In Volume 17, Issue 1, January-June 2026
Published On 2026-06-03
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