Journal of Advances in Developmental Research

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Between Surveillance and Service: Reconciling AI-Driven Governance with Democratic Legitimacy in the Indian State

Author(s) Lt. Dr. Kongala Sukumar
Country India
Abstract The rapid diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) into Indian public administration has produced a state that is simultaneously more capable of delivering welfare and more capable of watching its citizens. This paper examines the structural tension between AI-driven governance as an instrument of service delivery and as an instrument of surveillance, and asks whether India's constitutional and administrative architecture can reconcile the two without eroding democratic legitimacy. Drawing on the National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, the Aadhaar biometric identity system, facial recognition deployments by state police forces, and the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, the paper develops a three-part legitimacy framework, procedural, substantive, and relational, to evaluate algorithmic governance practices. It argues that the same infrastructural capacities that enable direct benefit transfer and grievance redressal also enable predictive policing and biometric tracking, and that legitimacy depends less on the technology itself than on the accountability architecture surrounding it. The paper compares Indian arrangements with the European Union's risk-based regulatory model and identifies gaps in independent oversight, algorithmic audit capacity, and judicial review. It concludes with a policy framework for embedding proportionality, purpose limitation, and contestability into AI-enabled state functions.
Keywords Artificial intelligence governance; democratic legitimacy; surveillance state; Aadhaar; algorithmic accountability; Digital Personal Data Protection Act; India
Published In Volume 15, Issue 1, January-June 2024
Published On 2024-04-06
DOI https://doi.org/10.71097/IJAIDR.v15.i1.2110
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Crossref DOI prefix of IJAIDR is 10.71097/IJAIDR

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