Journal of Advances in Developmental Research

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Volume 17 Issue 2
2026

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From Formulation to Implementation: Understanding the Public Policy Cycle in India

Author(s) Dr. Kyasaram Kishtaiah
Country India
Abstract Public policy in India is often judged by the ambition of its design, yet the distance between design and delivery is where most policy outcomes are decided. This paper examines the public policy cycle in India, tracing the journey from agenda setting and formulation through adoption, implementation, and evaluation. Using the stages heuristic and its principal critiques as a conceptual lens, the study applies qualitative, document-based analysis to statutes, institutional reforms, and secondary data from the National Family Health Survey and the Annual Status of Education Report. Four policy episodes, namely the Right to Information Act, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, the Right to Education Act, and the Swachh Bharat Mission, illustrate how the cycle operates in practice. The analysis shows that formulation has become more consultative and more open to civic and judicial influence, while implementation remains shaped by federal fragmentation, uneven state capacity, frontline discretion, and weak feedback from evaluation. Gains in access indicators frequently outpace gains in quality and outcomes. The paper argues that the cycle in India is best understood as an iterative and contested process rather than a linear sequence, and proposes reforms in implementation planning, fiscal transfers, frontline capacity, and independent evaluation.
Keywords public policy cycle, policy formulation, policy implementation, India, federalism, state capacity, policy evaluation.
Published In Volume 16, Issue 2, July-December 2025
Published On 2025-08-08
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Crossref DOI prefix of IJAIDR is 10.71097/IJAIDR

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