Journal of Advances in Developmental Research

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Cropping Pattern Variations under Canal and Tubewell Irrigation: A Study in Telangana

Author(s) Shakunthala Markonda
Country India
Abstract Irrigation source shapes what Telangana's farmers grow, yet canal and tubewell systems are rarely compared directly. This paper examines cropping pattern variations under canal and tubewell irrigation in Telangana using secondary data from the Telangana State Micro Irrigation Project, an Agro-Economic Research Centre field study, district irrigation statistics for 2023–24 and recent peer-reviewed studies. Source-wise net irrigated area, crop-wise tubewell micro-irrigation coverage, district contrasts and the paddy expansion of 2014–15 to 2024–25 are analysed through shares, absolute change and growth rates. Between 1991–92 and 2014–15, tubewells raised their share of net irrigated area from 5.5 to 54.9 per cent, while canals fell from 22.0 to 10.1 per cent. Tubewell-irrigated holdings carry a wider crop mix, with chillies, tomatoes, cotton, oilseeds, mango and turmeric making up most micro-irrigated area, whereas canal and lift-irrigated commands show rapid paddy concentration, including a Rabi rice surge after Kaleshwaram. Yet assured water from either source has recently pushed paddy to roughly 127 lakh acres across both seasons of 2024–25, while falling water tables in well-fed districts show how exposed that pattern is. The paper argues that source-specific water governance, not irrigation expansion alone, decides whether irrigation diversifies or simplifies cropping, and proposes volumetric canal scheduling, aquifer-sensitive crop planning and market support for profitable alternatives to paddy across Telangana's major irrigated districts.
Keywords cropping pattern; canal irrigation; tubewell irrigation; crop diversification; paddy; groundwater; Telangana
Published In Volume 16, Issue 2, July-December 2025
Published On 2025-08-08
DOI https://doi.org/10.71097/IJAIDR.v16.i2.2203
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Crossref DOI prefix of IJAIDR is 10.71097/IJAIDR

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